Antigone Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5750 words

Antigone - Essay Example This study looks into â€Å"Antigone† by Sophocles that is about Antigone’s struggles with what she thinks is right versus what Creon believes is right. They have differences in what morality is about and who should define it. The play depicts the conflict between serving the state’s authority and observing one’s family duties. Creon makes a law that prevents Polyneices from having a proper burial, because he is a traitor to Thebes. He declares: Him I decree that none should dare entomb, That none should utter wail or loud lament, But leave his corpse unburied, by the dogs And vultures mangled, foul to look upon. Antigone, however, is willing to defy the king, so that she can bury Polyneices. For her, her family duties come first before her duties as a citizen. She reinforces her belief to Ismene, who tries to stop her in disobeying Creon: â€Å"At least he is my brother-and yours, too,†¦ I will not prove false to him†. Antigone thinks that the laws can be damned, if it means failing her brother. Another cause of moral conflict in the play is the conflict between duties to the gods and duties to the state. Creon stresses to his son Haemon that the former’s will represents the will of the state or Thebes: â€Å"The state, I pray,/It is not reckoned his who governs it?†. As a result, people must follow him, or else political instability will occur. Antigone undermines the need to obey Creon, when she prefers following the laws of the gods. The gods want the dead to be buried properly, so Antigone says: â€Å"Who traced these laws for all the sons of men;/Nor did I dee m thy edicts strong enough,/Coming from mortal man, to set at naught† ... The gods want the dead to be buried properly, so Antigone says: â€Å"Who traced these laws for all the sons of men;/Nor did I deem thy edicts strong enough,/Coming from mortal man, to set at naught† (Sophocles 495-497). For her, mortal laws are inferior to divine laws. The causes of these conflicts are deaths, where Antigone’s death starts a cycle of death in Creon’s family. When Antigone commits suicide, Haemon follows suit. Then, Haemon’s mother kills herself too. In the end, Creon only wanted to punish one woman for her insubordination, and yet he suffered the most, because all his loved ones died. The main causes of moral conflicts are differences in duties and laws. For Antigone, her duty to her family and the gods are more important than her civic duties. Divine laws are heavier for her than man-made laws. Creon, however, insists on the paramount importance of his laws and civic duties. The effects of his decree are deaths and his unhappiness. Work Cited Sophocles. Antigone. Web. 30 Jan. 2012. . Lesson 4 Journal Entry # 1 of 14 Journal Exercise 4.1: Essay Ideas Before you begin the reading for this section, brainstorm possible essay topics. You can choose any issue, situation, or event that catches your interest. Your textbook offers some general possibilities for topics on page 752. You should list at least five possible topics. Journal Entry Some of the five possible topics I have thought about are: 1) Causes and effects of moral conflict 2) Causes and effects of being an individualist 3) Causes and effects of being a ruler 4) Causes and effects of being a woman 5) Causes and effects of being a tyrant Lesson 4 Journal Entry # 2 of 14 Journal Exercise 4.2: Synopsis

Western Dominations as a Menace to Islamic Supremacy Essay

Western Dominations as a Menace to Islamic Supremacy - Essay Example Thus, the Muslim fundamentalist movements advocate an unreserved rejection for the West for "causing" all these social ills to transpire due to Western influences and modernization. This rejection is expressed in their denunciation of and violence on Western countries, their interests and peoples as well as 'impious' Muslim people who have 'embraced' the Western modernization and education. Establishment of states and societies based on Islamic law and traditional mores are the end goals of the Muslim fundamentalists. This is so because Muslim fundamentalists view the world as one to be dominated by Islam, and the Western countries and peoples will waste away to give way to this domination. Thus, in this paper, the key explanatory factors that lead the Muslims towards anti-American and anti-Western sentiments are economic and political domination as well as the imperialistic culture that the United States and the West exhibit, hampering the quest of Islam religion and Muslim governme nt towards world domination. The struggle between Western and anti-Western influences are said to have been traced since the seventh century in the expansion of Islam in the Middle East from 622 A.D. to the present. Lewis emphasized that during Muhammad's lifetime, the Muslims were both a political and a religious community, with the Prophet as head of state who ruled the government and the people, dispensed justice, collected taxes, waged war and made peace.1 This description gives an initial knowledge that the Muslim religion is not at all a plain religion like the Christian religion now, but is also a political embodiment, a way of life, and a set of mores and traditions, which a Muslim must follow at all costs.   As already mentioned, the factors that led towards anti-Western and anti-American sentiments are social, economic, and political ones. The social factors are the staggering global poverty blamed on imperialist influences by the Western countries and the United States, which Lewis covertly mentioned in his book. Extreme economic inequality and problems related to this are also viewed by Islam as being caused by Western domination. Lewis' thesis is that Islam's obsession with the United States is an old occurrence and constitutes the Middle East's escalating hatred for the West.2   The anti-Western and anti-American Muslim sentiments are traced done to the antiquated dominance of Islam, which extended from Morocco to Indonesia, from Kazakhstan to Senegal. It goes back to the mission of the prophet Muhammad in Saudi Arabia during the seventh century and the creation of Islamic community and state.3   

Total Quality Management in Healthcare Environment

Total Quality Management in Healthcare Environment EVALUATING HEALTH IMPROVEMENT (UNIT FIVE) BY AKINADE TOYESE In this paper we will discuss how to cultivate total quality management and develop a culture of on-going improvement with focus on a public health organization. We will also identify ways to incentivize employee performance and evaluate incentives in terms of motivational effectiveness. BRIEF SUMMARY OF A PUBLIC HEALTH ORGANIZATION IN NIGERIA AND THE POPULATION IT SERVES The University College Hospital Ibadan is a public health organization which was established in November 1952 by parliament act to respond to the training need of medical personnel and other health care professionals in Nigeria and other West African Sub-Region (UCH, 2015). Her vision is to be the â€Å"flagship† tertiary healthcare institution in the West Africa sub-region, which offers world-class research, training and services, and first choice for seeking specialist health care (UCH, 2015). Although the hospital is primarily a tertiary institution, it has appendages of community-based outreach activities in six cities where it provides primary and secondary healthcare services. It has fifty-six service and clinical departments and runs ninety-six consultative out- patient clinics a week in fifty specialty and sub-specialty disciplines. There are also special treatment clinic for the treatment of sexually transmitted diseases and the people living with HIV/AIDS (UCH, 2015). However, because of the breakdown and poor state of primary health care facilities in the region (UCH, 2015) â€Å"the hospital still caters for lots of primary and secondary healthcare burden. The number of patients in the accident and emergency of the hospital averages six hundred thousand annually, and about one hundred and fifty thousand new patients attend the various out-patient clinics annually. The institution enjoys a full patronage of both national and international clientele due to its manpower, facilities, and track records†. STEPS TO TAKE TO CULTIVATE TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT AND DEVELOP A CULTURE OF ONGOING IMPROVEMENT. Health Care Systems throughout the world are undergoing significant changes. These changes are due to acknowledgment of either medical errors or system errors (Ruiz and Simon 2004). Other factors responsible for these changes include: Legal obligation for quality management (Moeller et al. 2000), the sophistication of medical care and increasing costs of health care (Ramanathan, 2005). Total quality management seeks to create a culture whereby all employees are continually examining and improving the organization of their work with a view to satisfying customer requirements (Goodwin et al., 2006). This is especially critical for health institution in that better health is the â€Å"raison d’à ªtre† of a health system, and unquestionably its primary or defining goal (WHO, 2000). Joiner and Scholtes (1985) discussed total quality management under three key components: the client as the defining factor in determining quality, the teamwork as a means to unifying goals and a scientific approach to decision-making based on data collection and analysis. Furthermore, quality chain idea can be used to cultivate total quality management. According to Morgan (1994) quality chain is described as chain of suppliers and customers. Goodwin et al. (2006) examined the health of the quality chain in four discrete stages: Inspection: Usually an after-the-fact screening process to assess the quality and conformity of services or products produced. Quality control: Monitoring the process of service delivery at each stage in the chain in order to eliminate the causes of unsatisfactory performance. Quality Assurance: Assessment of the systems quality and the steps taken to improve quality. Total quality management: The application of quality management principles at every level of the organization. This medium will necessitate a change in behavior amongst staff to commit to the quality management agenda. Finally, it is recognized that several elements need to be in place to help such organizations move in the direction of improving the quality of care on a systematic basis. These include the availability of training for the staffs, the development of teamwork among the staff, the development of a structure to support quality improvement, and a set of standard measurable targets through which to assess change (Goodwin et al., 2006). WAYS TO INCENTIVIZE EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE AND EVALUATE MOTIVATIONAL EFFECTIVENESS OF INCENTIVES Incentives for the employee are to motivate the employee to perform better and have long lasting effect on their performance. If â€Å"you get what you pay for,† then it presumably follows that one should pay for what one ultimately wants (Cutler 2005). If a health program’s primary objective is good patient or population health outcomes, it would seem natural for performance incentives to reward good health or health improvement directly rather than the use of health services or other health inputs. Rewarding health outcomes rather than health input use not only creates strong incentives for providers to exert effort, but it can also create incentives for providers to innovate in developing new, context-appropriate delivery strategies (Grant and Kimberly, 2013: 4). Incentive can be monetary or non-monetary (Asaad Assaf, 2011). The monetary incentive can be performance-related pay such as the increment in salary, bonuses, and other financial benefits such as housing allowance or health care compensation. Non-monetary incentives include: words of appreciation, thank you letter, nomination of department employee of the month, sending an employee to a conference, flexible work hour (Asaad Assaf, 2011). Meanwhile, the extent to which staffs can participate in decision-making and how much support they receive from their managers also motivate the employee to perform better (Goodwin et al., 2006). Nevertheless, there is a need for a public health organization to adopt a method for motivating and rewarding its staffs. Performance-related pay is one approach to using pay to provide an incentive to individuals to work more effectively to meet organizational goals, both in terms of quality and efficiency (Goodwin et al., 2006). Performance-related pay can be seen as one approach to using pay to provide an incentive to individuals to work more effectively to meet organizational goals, both in terms of quality and efficiency (Goodwin et al., 2006). It won’t be encouraging if two persons receive the same pay when one is performing much better than the other. When there is a performance-related pay incentive for a hardworking staff or a job well-done, it will motivate the staff to do more for the improvement of the organization and also encourage the other staff to be effective and hard working in other to meet the organization goals. In conclusion, Goodwin et al. (2006) had explained that â€Å"the experience with PRP is mixed and its transfer to the health sector has been associated with a range of problems: Tension is often created in providing performance-related incentives to individuals, since this can preclude their ability to work towards wider organizational objectives. In health care, team contribution prevails over the contribution of individual members of staff. The power of professional organizations enables them to resist management initiatives. The agency relationship between health care professionals and patients can exclude and disadvantage employers. Employers try to retain insiders rather than recruit outsiders, even if they have to pay more. However, if PPR is applied to the right organization or system-wide needs, it may enable individuals to work more for the benefit of the organization. References: Armstrong, M. H. Murlis, (1994) Reward Management: A Handbook of Remuneration Strategy and Practice, London: Kogan Page Asaad, A., F.A. Assaf, (2011) ‘Incentive for Better performance in Health Care’, Sultan Qaboos, University Medical Journal, 11 (2) pp: 201-206, Available at: http://:www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3121024/, (accessed: 04/04/2015) Cutler, D., (2005) Your Money or Your Life: Strong Medicine for America’s Health Care System,  USA: Oxford University Press. Goodwin, N., G. Reinhold, V. Iles, (2006) Managing Health Services, Understanding Public Health Series, Maidenhead: Open University Press pp. 143-152 Grant M., S. B. Kimberly, (2013) Pay-for-performance incentive in low and middle income country health programs, national bureau of economic research, NBER Working Paper Series, Cambridge, p. 4 Johnson, O. A., (2011) ‘Total Quality Management (TQM) Factors: An Empirical Study of Kwara State Government Hospitals’, Ethno Med, 5(1) pp. 17-23 Joiner, B., P. Scholtes, (1985) Total Quality Leadership vs. Management by Control, Joiner and Associates Moeller, B., J. O’Reilly, J. Elser, (2000) ‘Quality management in German health care the EFQM excellence model’, International Journal of Health Care Quality Assurance, 13 pp. 254-258. Morgan, P., (1994) Total quality management, in E. Monica (ed.) Management in Health Care, A Theoretical and Experiential Approach, Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan. Ramanathan R., (2005) Operational assessment in hospitals in Sultanate of Oman. International Journal of Operations Production Management, l25 pp. 39-54. Ruiz U., J. Simon, (2004) ‘Quality management in healthcare: A 20-year journey’, International Journal of Health Care Quality Assurance, 17 pp. 23-33. UCH, (2015) ‘UCH vision and mission’, Available at: http://uch-ibadan.org.ng/content/vission-and-mission, (Accessed 06/04/2015) â€Å"University College Hospital, Ibadan†, (2015) Wikipedia, Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_College_Hospital,_Ibadan, (Accessed 06/04/2015)

Annie Dillards A Pilgrim At Tinker Creek and Kurt Vonneguts Slaughterhouse-Five :: Tinker Creek Slaughterhouse essays

Annie Dillard's A Pilgrim At Tinker Creek and Kurt Vonnegut's Slaughterhouse-Five Throughout history people in general have tried in countless ways to explain the presence of a ‘higher being’. It is basic human nature to wonder about such things. Each and every one of these people has come up with a different explanation for their interpretation of the spiritual power. Annie Dillard and Kurt Vonnegut have given wonderful examples of how these interpretations can differ in their respective books A Pilgrim At Tinker Creek and Slaughterhouse-Five. Each of these books, although covering broad topics throughout, has focused on one center-point: The explanation of why we are here and what it is that we are supposed to do as people. In A Pilgrim At Tinker Creek, author Annie Dillard offers a look into her thoughts by publishing her journal of daily activities while living in a rural area. These activities range from taking walks by the creek to pondering the meanings of life by analyzing a praying-mantis egg sac. Each and every one of her journals offers a deep insight into the spiritual world, not by a particular ‘God’ but more through daily interactions with nature. A pilgrim is described as one who travels far, or in strange lands, to visit some holy place or shrine as a devotee. Dillard is simply that. Many people think that Dillard was inspired to write this novel by a near-fatal attack of pneumonia in 1971. She was remembered as saying that after she recovered, she felt an insatiable need to ‘experience life more fully’. She spent four seasons living near Tinker Creek in an attempt to find herself. What she found was not only how to live a full life, but al so religion. Her attempt to find meaning is made very apparent in the beginning of her book. â€Å"We wake, if we ever wake at all, to mystery, rumors of death, beauty, violence...."Seem like we're just set down here," a woman said to me recently, "and don't nobody know why."† (Dillard, 4). These are vexing questions to us all, and Dillard was determined to explore them.

Health Care Financial Accounting Essay

Financial management is a very complex process across the business organizations. The increasing competition, complexity of business, rising expectations of investors etc can lure any organization to use unethical financial management tactics to make their books look better. But this can be extremely chaotic In future. Healthcare organizations are especially prone to such practices because of the extreme financial pressure and critical nature of business operations. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the different aspects of the financial management, generally accepted accounting principles and the suggested ethical practices in this regard. Financial management is not merely a record of debits and credits. It is a measure of the health of an organization. The four elements of financial management consist of: planning, control, organizing and directing, decision making. The business operations must be planned and the management must be well aware of all the business aspects. The management needs to follow a systematic process to make ethical decisions in sync with the goals of the organization. It must be ensured that sufficient fund is available to perform business operations in time. The management must have the control of business operations and thus the financial activities. The management needs to ensure that each part of the organization is adhering to the goals established for it. The management needs to decide how effectively the resources can be used to achieve the goals. This helps in maintaining the financial health of the organization. There is always a possibility of a financial situation in an organization when a difficult decision is to be taken. Such circumstances require prompt decision making capability along with the understanding of the consequences of the decisions. In addition to the complexity of financial management, there are general accepted accounting principles. The general accepted accounting principles also referred to as (GAAP). Generally Accepted Accounting Principles are not any written rules. They are just the recommended accounting practices to maintain accurate, fair and consistent financial reporting. Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) and International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) have worked together to come out with GAAP. They revise the recommendations as and when required (Investopedia, n. d). Though every nation is free to adhere to any accounting system but GAAP is internationally followed to allow the interaction of organizations and their financial reports at international level. Ethics in financial management is very essential in all types of organization but it is even more important in health care organizations. A primary reason is that patients and their families are vulnerable to unethical practices. They deserve honesty in the financial aspects. The boards, executives, clinicians and the staff are equally responsible in this process. Another reason is that the health care organizations bear extreme financial pressure and it becomes very difficult for the finance department to strike a balance between the facilities and expenses. If the financial health of the organization declines, it sets up a negative spiral of loss of business. There have been several incidents of unethical financial management practices because of the increasing complexity of business operations. Therefore, several examples of ethical practice and conduct are suggested to avoid any unfair and dishonest incident. There are several financial circumstances that challenge the management to take right decision in a speedy manner. There may be quick unethical measures available that may settle the problem temporarily. But the management must not follow such measures as they may prove chaotic in longer run. They must take the ethical financial decisions. In a 2004 news articles that discusses compromising situation.. This articles states, â€Å"The financial pressures experienced by most healthcare organizations are intense. Not surprisingly, financial statements receive frequent and persistent scrutiny. Declining financial performance makes the organization and its management team look bad. If financial covenants aren’t met, a hospital’s bond rating may be down-graded, resulting in reduced access to low-cost capital and other serious financial ramifications. For whatever reason, the board, management team, and external constituencies may want to â€Å"make the numbers look better. † The heat is on the CFO to â€Å"do the books differently† (Tyler, 2004). In this example, the CFO is responsible to be honest. Manipulating the books the make the number look better would unethical. However, the CFO must make ethical financial decisions. Another example of good ethics is a business leader’s sincerity. A business organization can have positive as well as negative circumstances. It is very easy to rejoice the positive results but the otherwise is tough. The leaders must be sincere enough to shoulder the responsibility of the negative incidents. They should also be capable of setting high standards of financial ethics in their organizations. It affects the hierarchy and thus the overall ethical health of the organization is positively influenced. For example, â€Å"the Healthcare Group Purchasing Industry Initiative (HGPII), an organization dedicated to promoting the highest ethical standards and practices for the healthcare group purchasing industry, announced steps that will allow for even more transparency. They are activating a formal process to ensure prompt and fair resolution of supplier complaints regarding a group purchasing organization’s (GPO) purchasing process; and they are implementing an Independent Advisory Council to have outside observers make sure they are doing everything possible in terms of ethical standard† (Freeman, 2010). Finally it can be concluded that planning, control, organizing and directing, and decision making constitute the financial management. There are generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) that recommend the best practices to avoid unethical financial reporting. Moreover, there are several examples of ethical conduct for financial aspects. As healthcare organizations are financially very much pressurized and involve a very risky real time business model, they need to be more sincere in financial management.

How Dinosaurs Came to Disappear

In this regard, the paper is going to look at the different theories such as sex, drugs, and disaster.. Focusing on the theories used to determine the causes of extinction of these big mammals, one of the critical theories that Gould considers is sex. In this theory, it said that since testes function under low temperatures that are biologically friendly, the sudden increase in temperate during the cretaceous era may have caused the testes to become dysfunctional (Gould). As such dinosaurs disappeared from the earth due to lack of procreation.Another theoretical approach asserts that around the same time, vegetation produce contained contaminated agents which affected the survival of the animals. Additionally, the occurrence of certain disasters such as comet hitting the earth may have created a shade of powder in the sky thereby suppressing the photosynthesis process and fundamentally lowering globe temperature, which made dinosaurs to vanish. On account of logos appeal, the author of the author chooses a previous study that was conducted during the sass. This study focused on one of the close relatives of the dinosaur.The aim was to establish functional traits, especially those focusing on the biological attributes of the animal that can be associated with the dinosaur. In this regard, the study focused on the tolerance of the alligator to extreme heat. The study assessed the amount of heat that alligators can absorb and how this can affect their existence. As such, using an example of an alligator, Gould shows that temperature can cause them to loose the functionality of their physiological system, which is critical for maintaining their temperature.This implies that these creatures have experience suffering during the experience and this causes them to become dysfunctional. Still on the logos appeal, the study also focused on the experience of large mammals such as the dinosaur when there are extreme temperature fluctuations. Gould asserts that large mammal s that have fairly small areas can release heat through a gradual process that enables them to maintain constant temperatures. This only takes place when there are ordinary fluctuations of weather conditions.The author uses a logical appeal to convince the reader that the dinosaur hat became extinct years back had a hefty size, which was too big to be affected by temperature fluctuations. The author uses the study to support his claims. Gould also asserts that large dinosaurs lived in favorable climates where temperature was normal. In this regard, the author recommends that any rise in universal temperatures before the Cretaceous annihilation may have caused the dinosaurs to warm up than their premium tolerance.Since they were bulky, this surplus heat may not have been extreme to kill or even to hamper functionality of the great beasts. However, Gould seems to agree with the previous theoretical position regarding the impact of temperature on testes. Earlier, it was suggested that they work best within a slim range of temperature. As a result, this surplus heat may have sterilized all the male dinosaurs. As such, they were unable to procreate successfully and give rise to future off springs.On ethos appeal, the author brings into light the truth about the drug overdose theory, which claimed that dinosaurs disappeared because their nutrition was interfered with the growth of these bitter and toxic plants. The author agrees that indeed blossoming plants did not develop until tardy in the dinosaurs' regime. He adds that the shrubs produced pungent amino-acid-based alkaloids. However, to claim that these plants could have poisoned the dinosaurs and caused them to disappear was unethical. Gould claims that majority of mammals are able to use their instincts and taste preferences to avoid eating poisonous plants.Even though the plants may have been bitter, mammals have livers that are able to produce antidotes to attack the poison. Indeed, this claim makes sense be cause it is unethical to overlook the biological functionality of the body and its ability to protect the body against toxins. The original study by Siegel claimed that dinosaurs could neither accommodate the flavor of the bitter plants nor cure the food they ingested. Indeed, the only way these animals may have been poisoned was through an overdose. Is there such evidence of an overdose?On pathos appeal, the author attempts to appeal to the emotional centre of the reader by looking at the outer space probes that have a deep association on the literature of dinosaurs destruction, The argument rose yet again in 1979, after a long pause, when the father-son, physicist-geologist squad of Luis and Walter anticipated that an asteroid, some 13 km in thickness, struck the ground 66 million years ago. The strength of such a crash would be massive, greater by distant than the Jumbo tonnage of all the world's nuclear arms.In trying to rebuild a scenario that would elucidate the synchronized d isappearing of dinosaurs on terrain and so many creatures in the aquatic the team proposed that a gargantuan grime shade, caused by particles blown up in the illusion would so dim the earth that photosynthesis (growing of vegetation) would stop and temperatures drop abruptly. The single-celled photosynthetic marine plants, with existence cycles calculated in weeks, would expire completely, but land plants might stay breathing throughout due to the capability of their seeds.Dinosaurs would die by malnourishment and glacial atmosphere; miniature, warm- blooded mammals, with added humble necessities for food and better guideline of body hotness, would yelp through. Indeed, the author figuratively brings out the Lloyd destruction in a way that makes it look like an end of the existence of living things. The reader is left with a vivid image of a humongous object flying from the outers pace, coming at a great speed, and hitting directly on the habitat of dinosaurs.As such, the reader is able to associate this story to similar stories such as those found in the bible, for example, the destruction of the Babylon city. In conclusion, the author does a great Job of analyzing the theories by focusing on the background information, present belief system, application of science, and reality. The theories proposed by the scientists give rise to a number of questions such as how could we likely settle on whether the idea that the rise of temperatures caused testes of the dinosaurs to become dysfunctional and consequently unable to give rise to new offspring?Can this be applied in consideration to the biological realities that we know about? Indeed, this theory carries weight to make a logical appeal to the reader. Could they keep away from the high heat by staying in the shade or caves? On the other hand, the article leaves the reader wondering whether the dinosaurs had a pacific diet that they relied upon and whether this disappeared at the time the bitter shrubs were spro uting.

Free Essays on Napoleon

Napoleon Bonaparte Napoleon Bonaparte was born in Ajaccio, Corsica on August 15, 1769. He was the second child of Carlo and Letizia Bonaparte. Napoleon’s family was of noble rank because his father was a lawyer and one of the greatest leaders of the pro-French party in Corsica. Napoleon had seven brothers and sisters – Joseph, Lucien, Elisa, Louis, Pauline, yeah they Caroline, and Jerome. Through his father’s influence Napoleon received an education at military schools in Brienne and Paris, all paid for by King Louis XVI. Napoleon graduated at 16 and became a second lieutenant in the artillery. As a result of his short stature (he stood 5 foot 2 inches tall) Napoleon was known as the Little Corporal. Soon after Napoleon graduated the French Revolution started and Napoleon’s family was condemned because they did not support Corsica’s independence from France. For their stance, the family fled Corsica to France shortly after the start of civil war in April 1793. When Napoleon came to France he returned to military duty and became associated with the Jacobins, a political party in France. Napoleon became associated with them because he defeated the British in Toulon in 1793. Because of his role in that battle, Napoleon was promoted to brigadier general and sent to Italy. When Napoleon came back to France in 1794 he was arrested because of a political problem that included the Jacobins. Napoleon was released shortly after he was arrested but he was not very popular with the majority of the French people. In October 1795, Napoleon regained his popularity and opened the biggest opportunities for his career. When a mob started attacking the French Revolutionary Convention Napoleon was sent to command the troops. Napoleon ended the uprising by killing about 100 rioters. When Napoleon was asked how he stopped the mob he replied it was with â€Å"a whiff of grapeshot†. After that incident, Napoleon was given control of the French ar... Free Essays on Napoleon Free Essays on Napoleon NAPOLEON I; A GREAT LIFE IN BRIEF By: Albert Guerard Translated by: Dylan Croslin FORWARD: A LITTLE ABOUT THE AUTHOR Albert Leon Guerard was born in Paris and served with the Office of War Information from 1942 to 1945. He became professor emeritus at Stanford in 1946 and since then has taught comparative literature and French civilization at San Diego State College, the University of Hawaii, the New School for Social Research, and Radcliffe. From 1950 to 1953 he was professor of comparative literature at Brandeis University. â€Å"Destiny, the coincidence of luck and genius, had served Napoleon marvelously well: in 1802 he was without question first in war, first in peace, first in the hearts of his countrymen†. ACCORDING TO MR. ALBERT GUERARD: Napoleon Bounaparte was born on August 15, 1769. He was born to Mme Letizia Buonaparte and Carlo Bounaparte in the city of Corsica, â€Å"the isle of Beauty†. His father was a lawyer, but along side of that he was a soldier who helped give Corsica independence. The Bounaparte family was poor, but Carlo received noble rank which entitle his children to receive education at the king’s expense. So Carlo immediately took Napoleon and his brother Joseph to the College of Autun in France. Joseph was said to be tall and handsome while Napoleon was short and gawky. Months later, Napoleon transferred to Brienne, a military academy for young noblemen. At Brienne, Napoleon was not welcomed by the Frenchman because of his size and gawky appearance. After his schooling in Brienne, Napoleon was sent to the navy but was moved to the French army and chose artillery as a major. After examination, he and four others where chosen to attend an elite military school in Paris. Aft er one year he was qualified to graduate at the age of 16. After his graduation he was ranked 2nd lieutenant in the regiment of La Fere. In 1785, Carlo Bounaparte died of cancer. After his father’... Free Essays on Napoleon Napoleon Bonaparte Napoleon Bonaparte was born in Ajaccio, Corsica on August 15, 1769. He was the second child of Carlo and Letizia Bonaparte. Napoleon’s family was of noble rank because his father was a lawyer and one of the greatest leaders of the pro-French party in Corsica. Napoleon had seven brothers and sisters – Joseph, Lucien, Elisa, Louis, Pauline, yeah they Caroline, and Jerome. Through his father’s influence Napoleon received an education at military schools in Brienne and Paris, all paid for by King Louis XVI. Napoleon graduated at 16 and became a second lieutenant in the artillery. As a result of his short stature (he stood 5 foot 2 inches tall) Napoleon was known as the Little Corporal. Soon after Napoleon graduated the French Revolution started and Napoleon’s family was condemned because they did not support Corsica’s independence from France. For their stance, the family fled Corsica to France shortly after the start of civil war in April 1793. When Napoleon came to France he returned to military duty and became associated with the Jacobins, a political party in France. Napoleon became associated with them because he defeated the British in Toulon in 1793. Because of his role in that battle, Napoleon was promoted to brigadier general and sent to Italy. When Napoleon came back to France in 1794 he was arrested because of a political problem that included the Jacobins. Napoleon was released shortly after he was arrested but he was not very popular with the majority of the French people. In October 1795, Napoleon regained his popularity and opened the biggest opportunities for his career. When a mob started attacking the French Revolutionary Convention Napoleon was sent to command the troops. Napoleon ended the uprising by killing about 100 rioters. When Napoleon was asked how he stopped the mob he replied it was with â€Å"a whiff of grapeshot†. After that incident, Napoleon was given control of the French ar...

Hewlett Packard Fort Collins Essays

Hewlett Packard Fort Collins Essays Hewlett Packard Fort Collins Essay Hewlett Packard Fort Collins Essay Fort Collins Division (FCD) was established In February of 1977, headed by Tom Kelley, and known in the beginning as a Calculator Products Group. One year later, the Ft Collins Division produced the HP-250 small business computer system and became known as the Desktop Computer Division (DCD) in august of the same year. In 1979, DCD was HPs most profitable division, reaching revenue of $200M. Their next big leap came in 1983 with the combination of the allied, yet struggling, Engineering Systems Division (ESD). At the time, the ESD was producing the 500 series line of computers. The two combined to form the Fort Collins System Division (FCSD) and produced the first highly-successful 300 series computers. Three years later, the Fort Collins system division reached revenue of 475M in 1988. Introduction Hewlett-Packard is addressing the best approach in manufacturing an upcoming line of 9000HP computers. They assess previously used techniques such as â€Å"repetitive Just-in-Time manufacturing† and â€Å"low volume manufacturing† for the future complex, low-level production line. There are many ways to adapt repetitive manufacturing concepts to lower volume complex products. The following outlines the assessment, incorporation, and feedback experienced by Hewlett-Packard when adopting a JIT manufacturing concept for their line of complex, low-volume, 9000HP computer line. Methodology A common approach to JIT repetitive manufacturing is the progressive assembly line consisting of man and or machine resources. In order to prevent bottlenecks and inventories, these lines are sought to be balanced so that time at each station is equal. The sustainability of a balanced progressive assembly line becomes more difficult with the complexity of the product. Progressive assembly lines are also constrained by the number of operators. This number bust be less than or equal to your number of operators to ensure that each operation or set of operations has at least one resource to perform the task. Additionally, routing must be established that allows the product to flow through all operations. Materials as well as labor are often tracked with work orders rather than batch work orders found in traditional Material Requirements Planning systems (MRP). The complexity of the 9000HP computer line would not typically suite repetitive or JIT manufacturing. Characteristics of progressive assembly lines can be referenced in Figure 1 below. Figure 1: Progressive Assembly Line Visual Adversely, low volume manufacturing areas are not concerned with line balancing because each operation is done in batch rather than piece-part as result of variety and or complexity of builds. These batch quantities are then moved to the next operation’s queue or placed into stock. When encountering a shortage, low volume batch manufacturing can still progress because of the independence of the operations. Unlike progressive assembly lines, there are typically many operations to be performed by a fewer number of people. This allows for one operator to work on one job until completion of the batch, flow the material onwards, and work on another. Lower volume batch processes can be seen in Figure 2 below. Figure 2: Low Volume Batch Processing In order to accomplish JIT manufacturing with low volume, the proper precautions must be regarded and the issues discussed above must be addressed. The list below outlines the greatest differences between low volume batch processes and high volume repetitive manufacturing: * Operation times measured in hours/days * Flow is disconnected * Operations disconnected * People cross-trained in operations * Number of people lt;= Number of operations * Line balance is not a factor * Work order batch accounting used to track material and labor * Process is flexible and can build various products * Batch scheduling The desktop computer family for the 9000HP line contains six million configurations made from nineteen different logical choices, twenty-seven major sub assemblies. The product family has 3,000 part numbers excluding parts needed for more intricate circuit board assemblies and cathode ray tube parts. The assembly of a HP9000 requires 10-20 hours of labor, depending on the configuration, and initial cycle time of approximately 40 workings hours (or fifty-two times per year). This cycle time includes all operations performed, starting with the printed circuit operation and ending with shipment. Hewlett-Packard determined that a traditional batch system was undesirable because of the lengthy cycle times, process inflexibility, and inventory implications. However, the complexity of the 9000HP coupled with low volume builds proves also poor for a progressive assembly line. Conclusively, by isolating the differences between JIT assembly and low volume batching, HP began their approach to a continuous flow customized production technique. The installation of a kanban system and material requirements planning are utilized for shop floor scheduling and purchasing while eliminating the need of work orders. In 1980, HP successfully links the benefits of JIT manufacturing and total quality control (TQC) during an implementation of three separate phases. Abstract Phase I of manufacturing the HP9000 began with a layout of tactics that HP set out to emulate. By minimizing vendors, HP would be able to ensuring material availability. They also wanted to ensure process control by developing quality procedures and rapid feedback problems. Finally and perhaps most importantly, selecting machinery and equipment to minimize setup time while maximizing flexibility and allowing for lot sizes of one. Therefore, Phase I of the HP9000 JIT-TQC implementation consisted of a closed-loop transporter and carousel for stockroom material located on the production line as seen in Figure 3. By installing the transporter and carousel, HP would be able to build the complex product, maintain flexibility, and achieve one at a time production with kanban control. Figure 3: HP9000 Line Continuous Flow Customized Production HP experienced much success with the installation of Phase I such as; low and sustained lot sizes and a decrease of work in process by 50 percent on average. However, overwhelming concern for labor tracking by operation caused the Phase I approach to be abandoned during the incorporation of Phase II just twenty-one months later. Changes in the company allowed for reexamination of the JIT-TQC link and the implementation of Phase II. The Fort Collins Division shuffled their tactics and simplified their objectives to achieve improvement. The decision was made to eliminate the transporter and carousel to save space and improve asset turnover. HP also set out to make TQC efforts more rigorous and use kanban to link final assembly and circuit board operations under JIT principles. Results of Phase II included the sustained low kanban quantities, averaging one and sometimes achieving zero. Output has also risen substantially and the induction of more rigorous quality control proved to be successful with the causes of waste and poor quality eliminated. This has consequently lead to substantial rises in output. Shortly after the implementation of Phase II, Hewlett-Packard Fort Collins Division redefined their manufacturing objectives to better sustain profitability, thus giving rise to the third and final phase – Phase III. New objectives included; maximizing product quality, maximizing product delivery, and minimizing product cost. HP wanted to extend their vision statement and convert all manufacturing to JIT and even begin JIT kanban with suppliers. Conclusion Results of Phase III had not yet been published but today, Hewlett-Packard has successfully converted all product lines to JIT manufacturing and reduced the cost of inventory held from $670,000 to a mere $20,000 within their circuit board line specifically. HP’s influence spans over nearly six decades and even with the company’s humble beginnings, HP has grown into a computer empire; influencing several countries and industries over the course of their existence.

All the ACT Idioms You Need Complete List

All the ACT Idioms You Need Complete List SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Idiom questions on the ACT are different from the other grammar questions on the ACT. Why? Idiom questions don’t conform to specific rules. You have to rely on your intuitive grasp of English and your familiarity with certain phrases. Because you’re likely to encounter at least a few idiom questions on the ACT English test, I’ll provide you with some information about idioms that should help you raise your ACT English score. In this post, I’ll do the following: Explain the concept of an idiom. Detail the most common types of idiom questions on the ACT English section. Offer strategies to help you identify and correctly answer idiom questions. Give a thorough list of idioms to help guide your studying. Provide you with ACT English practice questions to test you on what you’ve learned. What Is an Idiom? Idioms are phrases or expressions that do not conform to simple rules. Each idiom, by definition, is unique. Most people think of idioms as expressions that often have figurative meanings different from their literal meanings. Examples of this type of idiom include "actions speak louder than words," "barking up the wrong tree," and "make a long story short." However, the ACT does not test you on these colloquial expressions. ACT English idiom questions will test you on different types of idioms. Idioms have no rules. How Are Idioms Tested on the ACT English Section? While the ACT doesn't test you on the figurative expressions I referenced above, the ACT does test you on two types of idioms: prepositional idioms and idioms with gerunds/infinitives. Prepositional Idioms For prepositional idioms, you must know which prepositions to use with a given word based on the context of the sentence. For example, you should say that you "wonder about" something, not "wonder on" something. You're "suspicious of" something, not "suspicious by" something. There is no rule to determine the correct preposition to use. You must be familiar with the phrase or rely on what you think "sounds right." Here's an example sentence with a prepositional idiom: Unsurprisingly, after Corey decided not to pay back the substantial loan given to him by his best friend, everyone was outraged for Corey’s behavior. This is a typical sentence with an idiom error you may encounter on the ACT. There's no violation of a specific grammar rule in the sentence. However, the phrase "outraged for" is incorrect. The sentence should read: Unsurprisingly, after Corey decided not to pay back the substantial loan given to him by his best friend, everyone was outragedbyCorey’s behavior. The proper expression is "outraged by." There is no rule that allows you to determine the correct idiomatic expression. Familiarity with the given phrases will greatly help you in identifying idiom errors. There's another type of idiom that is commonly tested on the ACT. Idioms with Gerunds or Infinitives Gerunds are verbs that are used as nouns and end in "ing." Examples of gerunds include skipping, talking, and performing. Infinitives are verbs used as nouns and are constructed by using the word "to" plus a verb. Examples of infinitives include to do, to analyze, and to explain. So what are some examples of idioms with gerunds or infinitives? The correct phrase is "capable of being," not "capable to be." The proper idiomatic expression is "regarded asbeing," not "regardedto being." For these types of idioms, you need to know which preposition to use and whether to use a gerund or an infinitive. With some idioms, depending on the context, it's acceptable to use an infinitive or a gerund. Here's an example with the gerund in bold: I neglected doing my homework. The sentence is also correct if you use an infinitive: I neglected to do my homework. While both of those sentences are correct, this is a sentence with an idiom error: Shelby will succeed in to graduate from college. The phrase "succeed in to graduate" is incorrect. Do you know the right idiomatic expression to use? This is the corrected version of the sentence: Shelby will succeed in graduating from college. There's no rule to learn that will indicate that "succeed in graduating" is the correct phrase. Here's one more example of an idiom error: Gina decides leaving the group when we go out. This is how the sentence looks after we fix the idiom error: Gina decides to leave the group when we go out. The infinitive form should be used with the word "decides." Now here are couple of actual idiom questions from real ACTs. Real ACT English Examples Try to answer this idiom question from a real ACT: Explanation: The answer is D. The right idiomatic expression is "sat across from." Here's one more for you: The court agreed with Kevin that a person's right for wearing clothing of his or her own choosing is, in fact, protected by the Fourteenth Amendment. A. NO CHANGE B. of wearing C. to wear D. wearing Explanation: The correct expression is â€Å"right to wear clothing of his or her own choosing." The answer is C. Why Are Idiom Questions Difficult/Easy? Why They're Difficult Idiom questions can be challenging because other grammar questions follow specific rules or patterns that can be applied to all sentences. Idiom questions test your knowledge of specific idiomatic expressions. Literally, there are thousands of idioms. It's not practical to try to remember each one. Furthermore, ESL students are less likely to be able to identify idiom errors. Knowledge of idioms tends to be built throughout a lifetime of exposure to them. Why They're Easy Idiom questions are the only ones where solely relying on what "sounds right" is likely to give you the right answer. These questions do not require you to understand and apply a rule. If you're familiar with the specific idioms that appear on the ACT English section, you can easily spot any idiom errors. ACT English Tips for Idiom Questions #1: If a preposition, gerund, or infinitive is underlined, check for idiom errors. #2: The question may be testing idioms if the answer choices are all prepositions. #3: Keep a list of idioms that appear on your practice tests. #4: Review and familiarize yourself with the list of idioms below. List of ACT Idioms While there are thousands of idioms in the English language, almost all idiom questions I’ve encountered on the ACT involve prepositional idioms or idioms with gerunds/infinitives. I've listed some of the more common prepositional idioms and idioms with gerunds/infinitives to help guide your studying. Idioms that have appeared on questions in the Real ACT Prep Guide (the red book) are listed first. It's not practical for you to memorize every single idiom on this list. There are usually less than a handful of idiom questions on the ACT English section. Spending numerous hours learning hundreds of idioms would not be the best use of your study time. However, I do recommend that you review this list periodically to become more familiar with these phrases. Thinking about proper idiom construction should benefit you when you encounter idiom questions on the ACT. You'll improve your intuitive grasp of idioms and be able to better recognize idiom errors. After trying to learn every idiom This is my extensive list of idioms: IDIOMS FROM REAL ACT PREP GUIDE come to a conclusion come to a halt come to an end earned a living from/by doing in the dusk modeled on principles of such as PREPOSITIONAL IDIOMS About anxious about ask about bring about curious about hear about think about talk about worry about Against adviseagainst argue against count against decide against defend against go against rebel against As celebrate as regard as see as view as At aim at arriveat laugh at look at succeedat By accompanied by amazed by confused by followed by go by impressed by organized by struck by For advocate for ask for blame for famous for known for last for meant for named for necessary for pay for ready for responsible for tolerance for strive for wait for watch for From abstain from different from excuse from far from obvious from protect from Into enter into lookinto inquire into read into In engage in fall in love in Aas inB interested in succeed in take in Study hard! On base on draw on focus on impose on insist on move on prey on rely on Over argue over ruleover talk over thinkover Of approve of capable of certainof characteristic of combination of A and B cure of deprive of die of a fan of in danger of in the hope of in recognition of made up of a model of an offer of on the border of remind of a selection of a source of suspicious of take advantage of an understanding of a wealth of To able to accustomed to adapt to adhere to admit to adjacent to agree to as opposed to belong to central to come to contribute to devoted to in addition to in contrast to listen to object to prefer Ato B partial to reluctant to reply to see to similar to a threat to try to (NOT try and) unique to With agree with bargain with correlate with familiar with identify with in keeping with interfere with sympathize with trust with You can do it! GERUNDS VS. INFINITIVES Verbs Followed by a Gerund accuse of admire for allow appreciate capable of complete concentrate on confess to consider delay describe discourage from discuss dislike effective at enjoy escape finish forbid imagine insist on permit plan on postpone refrain from report resent resume stop tolerate PrepositionsFollowed by a Gerund before after without Verbs Followed by an Infinitive agree attempt choose condescend dare decide deserve encourage expect fail intend love mean neglect offer plan prepare promise refuse scramble seem strive swear tend threaten want Additional ACT English Practice Questions Hooray for making it to this point in the article! I know that was a long list. By now, you should understand the concept of idioms and how idioms are tested on the ACT. I've created some realistic ACT English questions on idioms for you. Consider the proper construction of idiomatic expressions and try to answer these questions without referring to the list above. 1. My parents allow me staying out late because I have earned their trust. A. NO CHANGE B. stayed C. to stay D. is staying 2. Despite his efforts, Gerald is incapable at eating without staining his shirt. A. NO CHANGE B. to eat C. eating D. of eating 3. Even though I tend to not enjoy magic, I was amazed to the trick the illusionist did at the end of his show. A. NO CHANGE B. by C. from D. into 4. Wyeth insisted on watching The O'Reilly Factor every single night. A. NO CHANGE B. insisted by C. insisted in D. insisted to Answers:1. C, 2. D, 3. B, 4. A What's Next? Congratulations on your continued efforts to improve your ACT English score. Make sure you check out this article on the five critical concepts you must understand to ace ACT English. Also, many students fear ACT English questions about commas; you don't have to live in fear. If you're looking for a basic overview of the ACT English section, read about what's actually tested on ACT English. Want to improve your ACT score by 4 points? Check out our best-in-class online ACT prep program. We guarantee your money back if you don't improve your ACT score by 4 points or more. Our program is entirely online, and it customizes what you study to your strengths and weaknesses. If you liked this English lesson, you'll love our program.Along with more detailed lessons, you'll get thousands ofpractice problems organized by individual skills so you learn most effectively. We'll also give you a step-by-step program to follow so you'll never be confused about what to study next. Check out our 5-day free trial:

Macroeconomics of China and it's GDP Research Paper

Macroeconomics of China and it's GDP - Research Paper Example The steady increase in prices facilitated by the economic bubble suggests that China has come to a critical point of discouraging inflation within the right time: the vibrant mechanism of the economic growth in China has passed through a great transformation (Lai, 2006). At the time the government of China opened up foreign trade, facilitated investment and implemented the free market reformation about four decades ago, China has since become among the world’s top performing economies. With the real annual gross domestic product growth that averages to nearly 10 percent through the year 2013 (Bachman, 2011). In the current years the economy of China has emerged as the main global economic and the trade power. In the world’s current competitive market China is the top merchandise trading economy, holder of foreign reserves and it also acts as the largest destination of the foreign direct investment. Fortunately, China is expected to be the worlds’ largest economy in the next one year. Most economists forecast that China will overtake the United States of America to become the top performing economy in the world in the next few years. However, the probability of China to maintain the rapid growth of economic situation is minimal in the long run because it depends on the government for the implementation of comprehensive economic reforms (Lai, 2006). This will quickly facilitate the transition of the economy of China to a free market economy and create a balanced distribution within the economy thus creating a consumer demand rather than exportation. The government of China is greatly attached to its economy and it has acknowledged for some renovations in order to deal with some challenges effectively and efficiently (Bachman, 2011). China is the second largest economy in the world that will soon overtake the United States. According to the outstanding

Students interest in a career as a civil engineer for the Kentucky Essay

Students interest in a career as a civil engineer for the Kentucky Transportation Cabinet - Essay Example The skills acquired are relevant to the Kentucky Transportation Cabinet since they deal with projects that rely on vast knowledge in physical sciences and mathematics. I am a female, and have obtained an ACI Certification. I feel I have what it takes to become a member of the Kentucky Transportation Cabinet. However, my certificate will be expiring after five years, meaning that I will be able to offer quality and certified services for the next five years. I am open-minded, and like learning new skills. I am committed in playing an important role in key debates that pertains sustainability, climate change as well as energy efficiency. While I was studying, I often attended seminars and workshops, as well as attachments with leading organizations, which enabled me to solve work related problems. Thus, I understand that civil engineering works need attention and teamwork. While studying mathematics in school, I enjoyed problem solving, which is another desired quality for civil engineers. I am now looking for an opportunity to advance my career, and I am quite sure that Kentucky Transportation Cabinet has all what I

Essay Part 1 & Part 2 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Part 1 & Part 2 - Essay Example The greenery of the path as revealed by the grass on both of its sides represents a well conserved environment. Looking at the picture, it is almost impossible to fail noticing how smooth the terrain of the path is. It is this smoothness which makes walking or riding along the path to be both relaxing and ambient. The freshness of the atmosphere along the path is depicted by the surrounding vegetation which makes the path a place where an individual will always long to walk or ride along. The safety that bikers are accorded in riding along the path is demonstrated by the fact that the path is relatively far from the main highway. Figure 2 below is that of a wall which I consider to create a need to do something about it. The wall which is located in semi-busy part within town is seen by a considerable number of people who pass by it. The people who pass along the wall must consider it a significant part of the town. As depicted by the picture, the wall is not exactly appealing. This is demonstrated by the graffiti on the wall which is not artistic at all. It is because of this that I consider that the wall must be repainted so that it would be appealing. On a closer look on the picture, it is realized that some parts of it are actually falling down. This leads to the conclusion that if the wall cannot be repaired and repainted, them it needs to be removed. The current situation of this wall clearly gives the town a bad image. This is so especially for visitors and tourists who would be in town for the first time. Additionally, this wall evidently shows that a lot less is being done to improve the image of the town. The recommendation for making changes or improvements on the wall is therefore basically aimed at making it appealing and interesting to walk along as opposed to its current unattractive look. Figure 3 below shows a picture of a Macbook Pro. This product is a cultural artifact

Computer Security or Ethical Issue (see Laudon & Laudon text below) Research Paper

Computer Security or Ethical Issue (see Laudon & Laudon text below) - Research Paper Example In this scenario, corporations don’t like their business information such as customers’ data and economic statements to be exposed to the public. Therefore, computer system security is considered to be the vital aspect in any organization (Armor2net Software Ltd., 2011; Laudon & Laudon, 2010). In addition, intruders or hackers usually try to break into business information. Frequently these hackers like to get control over company’s computer system in order to initiate devastating attacks over further computers. In this scenario, if a business has a system linked to the web based technology just to send communication messages, so business system can definitely be the target. Moreover, these hackers have the power to change or delete sensitive business or personal data and information. Furthermore, web based technology and digital companies make it simple to collect, incorporate, and share business information, offering new fears regarding the suitable usage of cu stomer details, the safety of individual confidentiality, as well as the security of intellectual property of the organization (Armor2net Software Ltd., 2011; Laudon & Laudon, 2010). This paper presents a detailed overview of computer security. This paper discusses how computer security has become an important issue for the companies. This paper outlines various security issues along with their solutions. Introduction Computer security can be perceived as the procedure of averting as well as identifying illegal exploitation of a company computer system. For a large number of companies averting actions facilitate them to prevent illegal users/impostors from seeing and understanding the data lying onto a company system. In this scenario, the procedure of identification or detection assists businesses to decide if anybody tries to force an entry into our system, so if they get the access and what would happen with our system consequently. In view of the fact that the word computer secu rity is employed regularly; however the framework of a computer system is defenseless to a number of threats except the system is linked with more computer systems using some sort of network arrangement. Additionally, with the utilization of computer and communication networks, particularly the web based technology like internet the idea of computer security has extended to indicate problems regarding the exploitation of computer systems inside the network (Armor2net Software Ltd., 2011; Kinkus, 2002; Laudon & Laudon, 2010). However, for most of the businesses, the imperative technological domains of computer security are typically characterized through the word known as CIA which means confidentiality, integrity, and authentication. In general terms the word confidentiality denotes that the business data and vital information is not able to be used by illegal users. Confidentiality is as well acknowledged as concealment or privacy. However, the integrity implies that business infor mation is secured beside illegal access that is not obvious to authoritative computer system users. Additionally, lots of attacks to computer security occurrences of hacking usually negotiate the integrity of system database as well as additional contrivances and services. In this scenario, the computer security is concerned with various fields like ethics, risk assessment, computer system offense, the preclusion, recognition, and measures against various computer attacks; as well as individuality and secrecy inside cyberspace world (Armor2net Softwa

Major Flaws of Justice System of America Depicted in The Last Line of Essay

Major Flaws of Justice System of America Depicted in The Last Line of Defense - Essay Example In his article, â€Å"The Last Line of Defense† in The Atlantic, journalist, Raymond Bonner advocates the abolishment of death penalty in the criminal justice system of America; however, an overemphasis on the shortcomings of the system, one-sided debate, and biased tone deprive the reader of gaining comprehensive knowledge on the issue. He delineates how numerous underlying arbitrary elements influence criminal proceedings. Therefore, capital punishment can prove prejudicial to the accused. He appeals to the reader’s logic. He quotes two real-life criminal cases in detail to demonstrate how the accused were charged guilty despite evidence pointing to the contrary. For this reason, the author advocates the abolishment of the capital regime as it can lead to the execution of innocent persons. Furthermore, this renders the death penalty unconstitutional and unethical. As evident, the use of logos through referring to real life cases assists the reader in deriving rational conclusions on the issue of the death penalty. Similarly, he establishes ethos and credibility by providing a comprehensive and detailed account of the cases. Persuasive arguments are based on all three techniques as evidenced in this article. Bonner begins the article by expressing concurrence with Diana Holt, an opponent of the death penalty. From the very start, he expresses his disapproval of the capital regime by describing Diana Holt as a â€Å"crusader†. He goes on to portray her struggle against the death penalty as â€Å"heroic, long odds battle†. He deliberately depicts Diana Holt as a national hero in order to convince the readers of the rightfulness of his belief. This use of ethos is essential in building credibility and trustworthiness. Thus, the use of ethos in the title sentence unconsciously leads the readers to believe that the death penalty is undoubtedly unjust.

Belbins team-role theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Belbins team-role theory - Essay Example The benefit of utilising and understanding Belbin Team Roles is that not only do we learn more about ourselves, but also a lot about our work colleagues and how to get the best out of them† (â€Å"Belbin Team-Role Theory,† 2011, pgh. 3). In Belbin’s theory, his specified team roles help delineate what kind of worker each person is within a group setting at work. It is obvious from the â€Å"Belbin Team-Role Summary Sheet† that every individual contributing in a group—either as a plant, a resource investigator, a coordinator, a shaper, a monitor evaluator, a teamworker, an implementer, a completer finisher, or a specialist—has particular strengths and weaknesses (2011, pp. 1). Teamworkers are People-Oriented Roles. Teamworkers want to make the flow of the group smooth, and will do anything to be cooperative. In fact, they will go out of their way to make any project operate like a well-oiled machine. Teamworkers are diplomatic. Not only do they avoid friction and drama, but they try to build a team instead of break it down. Typical teamworkers will always try to repair any fractures within the infrastructure of the team. Teamworkers are good to have around because they are beneficial alliances in the event that other workers are upset with the manager. Specialists are Thought-Oriented Roles. Specialists are self-starting, dedicated types who evaluates research. Additionally, this person finds specialized information that is difficult to find. The weakness of a specialist.

Major Flaws of Justice System of America Depicted in The Last Line of Essay

Major Flaws of Justice System of America Depicted in The Last Line of Defense - Essay Example In his article, â€Å"The Last Line of Defense† in The Atlantic, journalist, Raymond Bonner advocates the abolishment of death penalty in the criminal justice system of America; however, an overemphasis on the shortcomings of the system, one-sided debate, and biased tone deprive the reader of gaining comprehensive knowledge on the issue. He delineates how numerous underlying arbitrary elements influence criminal proceedings. Therefore, capital punishment can prove prejudicial to the accused. He appeals to the reader’s logic. He quotes two real-life criminal cases in detail to demonstrate how the accused were charged guilty despite evidence pointing to the contrary. For this reason, the author advocates the abolishment of the capital regime as it can lead to the execution of innocent persons. Furthermore, this renders the death penalty unconstitutional and unethical. As evident, the use of logos through referring to real life cases assists the reader in deriving rational conclusions on the issue of the death penalty. Similarly, he establishes ethos and credibility by providing a comprehensive and detailed account of the cases. Persuasive arguments are based on all three techniques as evidenced in this article. Bonner begins the article by expressing concurrence with Diana Holt, an opponent of the death penalty. From the very start, he expresses his disapproval of the capital regime by describing Diana Holt as a â€Å"crusader†. He goes on to portray her struggle against the death penalty as â€Å"heroic, long odds battle†. He deliberately depicts Diana Holt as a national hero in order to convince the readers of the rightfulness of his belief. This use of ethos is essential in building credibility and trustworthiness. Thus, the use of ethos in the title sentence unconsciously leads the readers to believe that the death penalty is undoubtedly unjust.

A research on the issues of the black urban experience according to steven gregory Essay Example for Free

A research on the issues of the black urban experience according to steven gregory Essay Critical Reading Assignment #3 Chapter 5: Race and the Politics of Place Gregory, Steven (1999) Chapter 5: Race and the Politics of Place, in Black Corona, Princeton, NJ:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Princeton University Press, 109-138. The researchers conducted this study in order to challenge the depictions of the black urban experience in the media, academics, and public policy debates, which the author does frequently throughout the study. In this portion of the study, Gregory focuses on the struggles that black Lefrak City residents to disrupt the lingering stereotypes alluding to race, crime, and space in everyday politics. To conduct this research, Steven Gregory, an anthropologist, uses ethnography methods including open-ended interviews, participant observation in neighborhoods and political meetings, and archival research to collect the data used in this study. He interviews various residents and political members from this area and attends a meeting involving the Neighborhood Stabilization Committee and Community Board 4. The study takes place in the Corona neighborhood of Queens, New York, specifically in the Lefrak City are home to many African Americans residents as well as people from many other backgrounds. In this study, Gregory points out the struggles that Black Lefrak City residents had in disrupting the lingering stereotypes about, race, crime, and space in everyday politics. He explains how this area of Corona was viewed as a threat to the quality of life in the surrounding areas, which provides a link to urban decline and crime to black welfare dependency (Gregory 111: 1999). He focuses on struggles in the representation of identity and the meaning of place with the distribution of political power. As evidence, Gregory interviews and observes Edna Baskin, an African American woman eager to get involved and create a political organization to counteract these stereotypes and give black citizens from this area representation in the local politics. She establishes the organization called the Concerned Community Adults, where she would help inform residents of neighborhood issues. She faced many struggles in doing this, however, and was said to be â€Å"rubbing against the grain† (Gregory 118: 1999) while trying to promote her organization and get involved with the Community Board, made up of mostly white participants. Gregory talks about other problems this organizations faced, and the successes it achieved later on. This research has strengths in its overall comprehensiveness of the issues that Gregory is discussing. The topic he tries to tackle is very complex, and he does a good job at trying to try to explain the overall issues of the research. However, Gregory could organize his work in a fashion that is easier to comprehend that helps understand the overall concepts and issues he is focusing on in the research. He also only discusses in depth one example of the struggles that one area of this community faces. I believe that it would be interesting to instead compare the many different struggles that different areas of the community have and relate them to one another. It would be interesting to see the similarities and the differences between the different areas of this community.

Australian indigenous world views and accounting

Australian indigenous world views and accounting This paper summarizes the article titled The issue of Australian indigenous world-views and accounting written by Susan Greer and Chris Patel (2000). Also critically review the article and compare it with other articles those discuss the same idea and focus on the same issue. As any research area and especially in social sciences, the difficulty and the complex of the topic should be taken as a point of departure for exploring and studying the topic as well as the importance of the topic. The paper was structured into eight sections as following: an introduction; limitations of Hofstedes cultural taxonomy; yin and yang values framework; core Australian indigenous cultural values; work-related values; land-related values; the meaning of native title and concluding comments. The purpose of the paper is to provide evidence of cultural differences between indigenous Australian values and the Western capitalist values implicit in the language of accounting and accountabilityp1 as the authors believe that although great efforts have been made on the cross-cultural accounting research, the mainstream cross-cultural accounting research has failed to address two main issues: First: the mainstream research of cross-cultural accounting focused on the impact of culture on the accounting systems but not the influence of accounting on societal values. Second: the cultural differences within countries have been omitted. The article tries to study this issue and fill the knowledge gap in this field, also presents the cultural norms and values among the indigenous and non-indigenous peoples within Australia p 308. Specifically, the study aims to demonstrate that Australian indigenous cultures embody core values that conflict with the values encapsulated within Western systems of accounting and accountability. p308 Article Summary The study illuminates the differences between indigenous Australian peoples cultural values and Western capitalist values appears in language of accounting that related to work and land. Choosing the conceptions of work and land were based on two reasons, first the previous studies which have shown the importance of the work related values and differences between cultures. Second, the recent introduction of native title into property law granted the Australian indigenous conception of land some legal recognition alongside other forms of property rights p309 the authors criticize Hofsteds cultural taxonomy as they believe in its limitations, they refer to a number of limitations as: this approach overly simplistic as it reflects the values of the politically and socially advantaged groups within countries, also it does not include the minorities in the sample such as indigenous peoples, moreover, it fails to address the complexity of culture p310 Because of these limitations mentioned above, the authors adopt another suitable approach which they believe it is the appropriate one for such a study. The alternative used approach is Yin and Yang values framework, the authors believe that A useful perspective for examining the cultural values and conceptions of reality reflected and socially reproduced by accounting, is that of the universal masculine or yang and the universal feminine or yin (Hines, 1992, p. 318).as some writers (Hines 1992) showed that the language of accounting preferences yang values, such as quantification, objectivity, efficiency, productivity, reason, and logic, and in doing so, silences or excludes those values associated with the universal feminine or yin, such as relationships, nurturing, experience, and intuition p310 The authors address the usefulness of the adoption of this value framework to their study in two primary reasons. The first reason is because of the evidence of unique Australian indigenous cultural values provided from a large collection of anthropological, sociological and pedagogical literature. Secondly, the increasing emphasis of the Australian indigenous people s on cultural values and traditions. Core Australian indigenous cultural values In this section, authors try to introduce the differences in cultural values within the indigenous Australian peoples or (the yin core values). According to the authors, The whole community is classified into specific relationships with each member (Crawford, 1989). For example, the Pitjantjatjara people of Central Australia gave Europeans kinship terms à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. The Yolngu of the Northern Territory are also known to assign positions within the domain of Yolngu kinship to non-Aboriginal people with whom they have more than superficial or brief contact à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. Thus for many indigenous peoples, kin positions constitute the basic datum of social identity. p 313 Also authors state that sharing and relatedness values are central to these indigenous societies especially to Aboriginal society. In the next sections the authors focus on two groups of value taking them as examples, these groups of values, according to the authors, are aligned to yin values. Work-related values In this section the work-related values of indigenous peoples are presented as yin values, which are clearly reflected in the indigenous attitudes to work, consequently are in contrast with yang values. Some examples was given in support to this issue the strength and nature of obligatory relationships and the web of sharing within kinship networks are often acknowledged as a key determinant of the success or failure of indigenous enterprises. Yet, governments at the state and federal levels and indigenous funding bodies have consistently ignored this factor. Instead, indigenous organisations and communities have been increasingly submitted to financial accounting controls and measures of financial accountability and compliance which prioritise yang values that are in direct conflict with the core Australian indigenous values of sharing and relatedness. p 316 Land-related values Descriptions of how the land is considered by indigenous peoples in Australia can be found under this section where the authors provide evidences on how land values for these indigenous are different to accounting and accountability systems in the Western capitalist environment. The authors state that The earth is considered the source of all life and, as such, the indigenous peoples are obligated to look after the earth, so that the earth will in turn provide for them p 318 According to the authors the link between these peoples and land is much deeper than just an economic property, as it can be read that In Australian indigenous culture it is the spiritual link to the land that is all-pervasive. The land is the source of the Dreamings, the source of identity and the foundation principle of land rights in indigenous culture is not one of individual proprietary rights, rather it is relationships p 319 The meaning of native title Native title was identified in the article as inalienable right consisting of the laws, customs, practices and traditions of particular communities. As such, the rights under native title are limited to the indigenous community which observes those traditions, customs and practices. Native title does not equate with the estates, rights or interests in land which form the law of real property at common law . . . it is to be regarded as unique p 320 The indigenous consider it as an important part of their culture not as it appears in the Western accounting literature as: . The property; . The asset; . The economic resource; . The commodity; and . The natural capital. The loss of this title means loss of culture itself for these Australian indigenous peoples. Conclusion comments the article concludes with the mention of the failure of mainstream cross-cultural accounting research to include the norms and values of less advantage groups such as indigenous, also the article refers to the complexity of accounting and accountability to study such a subject as these social aspects are part of many other subjects as history, ideology, language and mythology. Moreover, the authors suggest to build on the work has been made by Hines (1992) and Broadbent (1995; 1998). Critical Reflections This section critically evaluates the work has been done by Greer S. and Patel C. (2000) by reviewing the used method and objectives achieved in the light of other works on the same topic. Strengths it is good attempt to bring such issues to the attention of accounting, some issues like the issue of accounting and indigenous, how they are effected by accounting and how accounting should benefits from their cultures for example in terms of environment and social responsibility. As Gallhofer et al (2000) think that it seems appropriate to speculate further upon how indigenous cultural principles might be reflected more generally in the context of impacting upon accounting p 397 The objectives of the article were clearly stated and strongly linked to the title. Also the abstract summaries and explains clearly the debate issue of the article and the limitations of the methods used before. The aims and objectives of the article were well addressed and The findings were well organized and reported objectively. More importantly, new approach was applied as alternative method to characterize the indigenous peoples cultural differences in terms of accounting and accountability. It can be said that the article was well written and sectioned in good order, also very clear literature review was introduced by descriptions of the related work has been done in the same field within discussions in different places in the article which, also number of good references were used in both method section and the development body. In my view, that would give a good opportunity to describe the contents of the article and make them more readable. Not to mention the number of examples was injected in different sections of the article to support the ideas included. Weaknesses Gallhofer and Chew state that (2000) We are particularly concerned to address the problem that non-indigenous researchers face when they write about issues concerning indigenous peoples and cultures p 258. As mentioned it could be a problematic issue that non-indigenous researchers can not reflect clearly the complexity of cultural and social elements and accounting in indigenous societies in general. At one point it could be said that the method used to gather the data for this article were clearly explained and the developments of the critical contextual analysis were well explained. On the other point, however, the reliability of the used texts is sometimes difficult to be measured. Also the scope of the study and the population used were not based on a clear approach. Hofsteds cultural taxonomy was criticized in the article because of its limitations; however, the method was employed as alternative approach (Yin and Yang value framework) has its own limitations too. At one point the used method is acceptable for determining the content and deliver broader understanding to the reader .however, it could be questionable if it is the appropriate method to explain and develop scientific accounting theory and result reliable outcomes as it is affected by other sciences such as language, history and politics. This makes the issue is more complicated and can not be studied without considering other elements, for instance, Jayasinghe and Dennis Thomas (2009) found that The findings imply that any form of rational transformations in indigenous accounting systems in local subaltern communities requires a phenomenological analysis of any prevailing and dominant patronage political systems. p 351 From personal point of view, hybrid Approach should be applied to study the topic including ethno-methodological approach. The article does not mention clearly how to improved the accounting theory and engage it with indigenous culture and practices, in personal view, the expected outcomes of studies not just general description to matters but also to give potential solutions. It also can be argued that the article does not show whereas the indigenous peoples welcome the western accounting and accountability systems or not, and if yes till which degree. In general, the article should have studied both sides of the relationship between the indigenous and the language of western accounting and how they affect each other rather than focusing on one side as the relationship is an interactive one. As it seems that the issue is more deep-rooted in the accounting field which requires studying the historical background of the matter. It is also arguable that although the authors arose the differences between cultures within the same country, they applied the comprehensiveness when they studied the indigenous and ignored the cultural differences between these indigenous peoples themselves, for instance Gallhofer et al (2000) believe that There are complex differences between the three groups of indigenous people and indeed between their different tribes. p 384 Questions Left to Answer The article raises issues and possibilities that should be focused on and questions need to be further explored; additional studies are needed to raise research possibilities beyond those identified and overcome method limitations. Conclusion In conclusion, the paper has promoted to the idea of providing evidence of differences between indigenous Australian values and the Western capitalist values in the accounting context. Some good cases have been presented with implementing a developed method in the field. Besides, several of good references have been used in order to develop the problem statement of the article, It could also be said that the yin and yang values framework which used in the paper has its limitation in terms of providing evidences of the problem studied. The conclusion was based on the findings from the critical contextual analysis used and the literature reviewed; also the recommendation was limited to a call for additional research in this area of research as some other researchers suggest (Gallhofer and Chew 2000). Overall, the study gives good contribution to knowledge in terms of the used method and the objectives, also the study would need to be linked to other works have been done on the same topic (Gallhofer, S., Chew, A. (2000), Gallhofer, S., el al (2000), Davie, S. (2000), Jayasinghe K. and Thomas D. (2009), to give better and broader understanding to the problem introduced in the mentioned article.

The Relation of Personality in Politics Essay -- Political Psychology

While searching for information regarding social phobia, I stumbled across some interesting information. Information regarding the psychology of politics, I was negligent to such a concept until this point in time, and immediately I began searching for this information, rather than my previous interest. This paper will give a general viewpoint on politics from a psychological standpoint. Initially it will discuss political philosophers, and how their beliefs could have shaped the political system today. Second, the paper will look at personal attitudes in relation to politics, consisting, particularly of one’s values and beliefs. Lastly, the paper is going to provide an outlook on the issue from the psychodynamic approach of psychology, particularly through the opinions of its founder, Sigmund Freud. In the study of political philosophy many infamous names come about, although we are only going to look at the ideas of seven of them. Some of the earliest ideas of political systems were centered around Greek city-states, approximately between 750-500 B.C. Kagan, Aristotle, and Plato all provided very useful ideas to the understanding of political systems, but here we will see the for the first time how personal beliefs have influenced politics today. While Kagan believed that in order for life to be suitable for man life must be biased on justice, Aristotle believed that life could be good for man only if his life was in a community with others. This is not an attempt to prove or justify any beliefs, but to simply show the relation of personality. These two philosophers felt strongly about these two necessities for success in a community/political system, but yet neither of the ideas were the same. They both required different th... ...es that when politics are in mind, personal values should be taken out of the picture as much as possible, in order to base political beliefs solely off of the best interest of the nation, and the most respected outlook among citizens. Works Cited Bowen, D. (1968). Political behavior of the American public. Columbus, Ohio: Charles E. Merrill publishing company. Eulau, H. (1969). Behavioralism in political science. New York, N.Y.: Atherton Press. Eysenck, H. (1974). The psychology of politics. Great Britain: Percy Lund, Humphries & Co. Ltd. L.N. Rieselbach, G. B. (1969). Psychology & politics. U.S.A.: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc. Rieselbach, L. (1969). Psychology & politics. U.S.A.: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc. Spranger, E. (1928). Types of men. Halle: M. Niemeyer. Stone, W. (1974). The psychology of politics. New York, N.Y.: The Free Press.

Ansel Adams :: essays research papers

Ansel Adams   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ansel Adams was born in San Francisco, California and his very early interests were more in music and other things than in photography. He hoped to one day become a professional of some sort in this venue. Adams, known for his great pictures of the western side of the United States, first took pictures in Yosemite National Park in 1916. This experience was so touching to Adams, he took it as a life long view of inspiration. Every summer he returned to Yosemite National Park to take more pictures. He also developed an interest in the conservative movement going on in the United States at the time. By 1920, he had become part of the Sierra Club, a group that wanted to preserve the western beauties. In 1927, Parmelian Prints of the High Sierras was published. This was Adams' first portfolio. After marrying Virginia Best in 1928, Adams became a professional photographer for the Sierra Club. In 1930, after meeting Paul Strand, another photographer, Adams devoted his life to photography. 1931 was they year that his work was first put into the Smithsonian Institution. Adams and some other Western United States photographers all came together in 1932 to form a group called f/64. They were devoted to making technically flawless prints of nature and the wilderness. Adams opened a gallery of his work in 1933 in San Francisco, The Ansel Adams Gallery. He published many prints including his first, Making A Photograph. In the following years, Adams moved to the Yosemite Valley and explored the Southwest with fellow photographers, Edward Weston, Georgia O'Keeffe, and David McAlpin. Around the time of World War II, Adams got a job as a photomuralist in Washington DC for the Department of the Interior. During 1944 and 1945, Adams lectured and taught courses on photography at museums. This teaching was followed by the establishment of one of the first departments of photography at the California School of Fine Arts in 1946. Throughout 1950 he made trips to Hawaii, Alaska, and Maine, and in that year he published Portfolio 2: The National Parks and Monuments. Dorothea Lange collaborated with Adams on his next project on the Mormons in Utah. By 1955, he had created a workshop in Yosemite and published Portfolio 3: Yosemite Valley under the Sierra Club.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Adams pictures always were aimed at getting pure darks and lights to get a range of tones for perfect clarity.

The Treatment Of Rheumatoid Arthritis Health And Social Care Essay

In the current scenario, a 64-year-old female patient has suffered from Rheumatoid arthritis ( RA ) and she seemed to demo no betterment despite her current intervention for 6 months. RA is a chronic redness disease and harmonizing to the study of National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence ( NICE February 2009 ) RA affects 10000 people each twelvemonth in the UK population. RA is characterised by swelling and painful articulations, usually symmetrical and frequently impacting diarthrodial articulations of custodies and pess [ Firestein GS. , 2003 ] . Although RA normally attacks articulations, it can besides impact other variety meats such as bosom, lung and eyes. The exact pathogenesis of the disease still remains to be discovered. However, autoimmunity activities are believed to be to play a major function in the development of the disease. The unnatural release of inflammatory factors such as interleukins ( IL ) and tissue mortification factor ( TNF ) by the peripheral inflammatory cells such as CD4+ T cells, B cells and macrophages are involved in the patterned advance of RA which leads to inflammatory reaction at the synovial fluid ( SF ) and synovial tissues ( ST ) that line the joint and resulted in joint devastation [ Agarwal et al. , 2005 ] . When the redness progresses into farther phase, portion of the synovial membrane which envelops the SF will develop into pannus which is an inflammatory tissues that farther assail the joint and gristle and may take to joint merger by let go ofing destructive enzymes such as collagenase. Harmonizing to Scots Intercollegiate Guidelines Network ( SIGN 48 ) guidelines, RA is normally diagnosed by recovering patient ‘s medical history and scrutiny on elevated degree of inflammatory markers such as non-specific erythrocyte deposit rate ( ESR ) , C-reactive protein ( CRP ) and a more specific arthritic factor, which is an auto-antibody nowadayss in 80 % of RA patients [ Firestein GS. , 2003 ] . The incidence of RA may non be seen every bit serious as other diseases such as cardiovascular diseases and malignant neoplastic disease which recorded a higher morbidity and mortality rate, but one time the disease progresses, it can give a great impact on patient ‘s day-to-day life. It accounts for 0.8 % of entire planetary Year Lived with Disability ( YLD ) , which is the 31st prima cause of YLD globally [ Symmons et al. , 2006 ] . As a chronic redness disease, RA causes lasting joint harm if it is non treated suitably every bit shortly as possible and a long-time medicine is required to decelerate down the patterned advance of the disease. The joint harm starts at the early phase of disease and worsens increasingly resulted in troubles in patients ‘ day-to-day work. A simple day-to-day undertaking such as opening a bottle or walking across the room can ensue in great hurting for RA patients. Some patients might even necessitate to discontinue or alter their current oc cupation due to sore articulations. Epidemiology survey showed that RA is associated with decreased life anticipation and increased mortality [ Anthony et al. , 2003 ] . As RA develops, the disease finally invades the bone around the joint and may take to osteoporosis due to inflammatory activities. Furthermore, RA intervention utilizing corticoid besides increases the hazard of osteoporosis due to depletion of Ca and increase loss of bone mass [ Kelman et al. , 2005 ] . Besides that, merely like other redness diseases, RA patients can confront anemic jobs where red blood cells production is inhibited during redness. After the importance of early intervention of DMARDs has been recognised, the old â€Å" intervention pyramid † used in RA which started off with diagnostic intervention utilizing anodynes such as NSAIDs has been reviewed. The â€Å" intervention pyramid † describes the usage of anodynes in the early phase of disease to alleviate hurting and merely starts DMARDs when the disease develops into more advanced phase where NSAIDs can no longer command the hurting and redness. However, several surveies have shown that protection of articulation from harm utilizing DMARDs should be started every bit shortly as possible to supply better patients ‘ forecast and continue patient functional ability [ Egmose et al. , 1995 ; van der Heide et al. , 1996 ] . Therefore both NICE and SIGN guidelines suggest the early usage of DMARDs to command and detain RA symptoms after diagnosing of RA is confirmed. There is no definite intervention for RA as patients may react otherwise to the assortment picks of RA pharmacological therapy. Normally RA patients would be started with the most normally used DMARDs and reviewed invariably for drugs effectiveness until symptoms are well-controlled by the DMARDs therapy. Further change in the intervention needs to be done if no satisfactory response is achieved. As in this instance survey, the female patient has failed to react to six-month intervention of sulfasalazine, which is one of the commonly used DMARDs in commanding RA. Thus an option should be sought every bit shortly as possible to forestall major joint devastation.TreatmentHarmonizing to NICE guidelines 2009, it is stated that if RA patient does non react to the first DMARDs intervention, the dosage of the drug should be reviewed and focused to supply an effectual and suited dosage for the patient before a 2nd option of DMARDs is sought. In the current scenario, the patient had failed to react to six-month therapy of SLS, it is assumed that the dosage of SLS had been adjusted to the possible maximal bound but still demo no benefit in the patient. Thus, farther intervention would be focused on seeking for an alternate DMARDs. DMARDs are drugs from different categories that are grouped together due to their similarity in decelerating down the patterned advance of RA and understating joint devastation caused by RA besides commanding the symptoms. The normally used DMARDs include sulfasalazine ( SLS ) , amethopterin ( MTX ) , gold, Cuprimine, anti-malarial, azathioprine, leflunomide and cyclosporine. SLS and MTX are most preferable in clinical pattern due to their favourable toxicity profiles although intramuscular gold and Cuprimine had shown similar effectivity in handling RA [ Aletaha et al. , 2003 ; Felson et al. , 1990 ; Capell et al. , 1993 ] . MTX and SLS were considered to be safer at usage as it was shown that there was no important difference in the incidence of side-effects reported between high and low dose intervention of the drugs [ Aletaha et al. , 2003 ] . Since the patient has failed to react to SLS, MTX would normally be the following option in head. However, there is a pick to do whether t o utilize MTX in combination with SLS or replace SLS with MTX as monotherapy. DMARDs combination has been recommended in NICE guidelines for early RA intervention, but more clinical groundss need to be sought for the usage of combination in established RA, which is pictured in the current scenario as the patient has been suffered from RA for more than 6 months and immune to SLS therapy. Three surveies were found to compare the usage of MTX monotherapy and dual-therapy with SLS in patients unresponsive to SLS. Among the three, two were randomised controlled tests ( RCT ) while one was non-randomised experimental test [ Haagsma et al. , 1994 ; Capell et al. , 2007 ; Schipper et al. , 2009 ] The first RCT was carried out in 1994 which merely included a little figure of patients ( n=40 ) based on a single-observer method over 24 hebdomads while a longer continuance ( & gt ; 18 months ) of double-blind placebo-controlled survey with a larger survey group ( n=165 ) was adopted in the 2nd RCT in 2007. Despite the difference in the survey features, both RCTs concluded that MTX-SLS double therapy had a greater efficaciousness in commanding symptoms over MTX monotherapy in SLS-resistant patients without important addition in toxicity. However, although the 2nd RCT had shown important clinical benefits for combination therapy compared to the usage of monotherapy, no important advantage was seen in radiological results or functional disablement. The 3rd survey was a recent test published in 2009 investigated 230 patients who were immune to SLS intervention utilizing the similar intervention magnitude as the old surveies to measure the drug efficaciousness. This test was carried out for more than 15 old ages and concluded that that both options provided similar consequence. The disagreement was believed to be caused by the deficiency of control group in the ulterior test which might lend to biased consequences and inconsistent usage of other drugs such as corticoids in different tests which might misdirect the reading of drug efficaciousness. Besides efficaciousness and toxicity, cost of intervention is the following of import factor to be considered in taking the right intervention for the patient. However, really few surveies were done comparing the cost-effectiveness of different DMARDs because RA is non every bit prevailing as other major diseases such as cardiovascular diseases and it does non normally result in immediate decease. The more recent cost-effectiveness analysis on DMARDs was done in Thailand from the social point of position where the costs included a direct cost and indirect cost [ Osiri et al. , 2007 ] . In order to enable numerical comparing, the cost-effectiveness of the therapies was measured utilizing the Incremental Cost-effectiveness Ratio ( ICER ) which is the entire cost in US dollar needed to accomplish one unit of ( HAQ ) Health Assessment Questionnaire, which comprised of 20 inquiries on patients ‘ self-report functional and disablement position. The ICER of each intervention was compa red against the anti-malarial monotherapy as anti-malarial was recognised as the cheapest and least efficacious DMARDs available. Comparing among the sum of 152 RA patients, it was found that MTX and SLS therapy recorded a three times lower ICER compared to MTX monotherapy, which explained that the double therapy was less dearly-won and more effectual compared to the monotherapy ( US $ 625 versus US $ 2061 per one unit of HAQ mark ) . However, this survey was non specifically directed to SLS-resistant patients. Therefore, merely a comparative comparing can be made on the cost for the current scenario. The following option of intervention for the current patient is the usage of three-base hit therapy which uses MTX, SLS and an anti-malarial. It was shown in a biennial, prospective randomised test on 180 patients that the ternary therapy had given a better curative efficaciousness over the dual- ( MTX and SLS or MTX and anti-malarial ) and MTX monotherapy irrespective of the drugs given in the early RA intervention [ Calguneri et al. , 1999 ] . Again, the incidence of inauspicious effects did non increase significantly with the addition in figure of drugs. The enhanced benefit by adding an anti-malarial agent to MTX intervention had further strengthened the grounds shown antecedently by a long-run followup survey on patients who were treated with ternary therapy. It was shown in the old survey that patients who had failed to react to at least one DMARD and treated with ternary therapy had shown continued betterment with minimum toxicity after 3 old ages compared to MTX monotherapy a nd SLS-hydroxychloroquine therapy [ O'Dell et al. , 1999 ] . Addition of anti-malarial agent to MTX had been shown to execute better than MTX-SLS combination, which proposed an implicit in interactive activity of anti-malarial and MTX when they are used together likely due to heighten MTX bioavailability by anti-malarial [ O'Dell et al. , 2002 ; Carmichael et al. , 2002 ] . In footings of the intervention cost, based on the same cost-effectiveness survey mentioned above, ternary therapy recorded a lower ICER ( US $ 1222 per one unit of HAQ mark ) than MTX monotherapy, but about twice every bit high as the ICER of MTX-SLS therapy. Other than utilizing the traditional DMARDs, the freshly developed biological anti-rheumatic drugs are besides being studied for SLS immune patients. Since RA involves a great trade of cytokines activities, specific cytokines blockers have been investigated to stamp down or modify the redness procedure. The most normally used biological agents include infliximab, etanercept and adalimumab which target the tissue mortification factor, TNF-I ± , which is one of the chief cytokines released by macrophage that farther induces the release of other cytokines which are responsible for the redness. NICE guidelines emphasized that TNF-I ± inhibitors can merely be used when the patient has failed to react to intervention of at least two DMARDs including amethopterin. However, Combe et Al. had tried a different attack where Enbrel has been used and investigated in patients specifically having SLS intervention but still have ailment of active RA without affecting MTX [ Combe et al. , 2006 ] . It was found that etanercept monotherapy or in combination with SLS had given better betterment in American College of Rheumatology ( ACR ) standards compared to patients treated with SLS entirely. There was no important difference in the efficaciousness in the etanercept monotherapy and combination group. However, there was a significantly higher incidence rate of side-effects such as concern, sickness and astheny in the combination group while a higher hazard of infections and injection side reactions were recorded in patients with etanercept entirely. Besides that, as a biological drug, TNF-I ± inhibitors can non get away the fact of doing serious inauspicious effects such as malignance, demyelination and increased susceptibleness to infections like TB [ Nahar et al. , 2003 ] . However when the ratio of efficaciousness over toxicity is concerned, a meta-analysis showed that TNF inhibitors have a higher ratio than gold and sulfasalazine [ Ravindran et al. , 2008 ] . Again, whe n cost is concerned, etanercept intervention, as expected is much expensive compared to DMARDs, where the cost was shown to be more than twice higher than the most expensive DMARD available, cyclosporin [ Jobanputra et al. , 2002 ] .TREATMENT RECOMMENDATIONComparing the four options available, MTX monotherapy, MTX-SLS dual-therapy, ternary therapy and etanercept therapy, MTX-SLS dual-therapy seems to be the best intervention for the current patient as it is supported by groundss for its lower cost with comparable efficaciousness in SLS immune patients. It might non be the most effectual intervention compared to treble therapy, but it is ever advisable to understate the figure of drugs used in a patient to forestall unneeded inauspicious effects or drug interactions. However, there is still possibility that the patient may still be unresponsive to the dual-therapy as there is no definite warrant on the action of the therapy on every RA patient and the possibility of developing immune to MTX. Thus, the National Clinical Guidelines recommends monthly reappraisal of CRP ( C-Reactive Protein ) , an inflammatory marker and other cardinal constituents of disease activity such as DAS 28 ( Disease Activity Score based on 28 articulations ) until the disease is controlled by the given intervention to a degree antecedently discussed and agreed by the patients. If there is still no satisfactory respond, farther change in the therapy needs to be done such as sing the ternary therapy or etanercept therapy. Besides giving the slow-acting disease modifying drugs, SIGN 48 guidelines suggest the usage of intra-articular injection of corticoids to give rapid diagnostic alleviation before the oncoming of the new DMARDs therapy. Oral corticoids are non preferred to be used as a long-run intervention as it can do serious inauspicious consequence on bone mass and GI systems and it merely shows benefit in the early intervention of active RA [ Saag et al. , 1995 ; Kirwan et al. , 1995 ] If injection is non possible, so low dosage of unwritten corticoid is used in a shortest continuance possible [ Laan et al. , 1995 ] . For the diagnostic hurting control on top of DMARDs, mentioning to SIGN 48 guidelines, whenever possible, simple anodynes such as paracetamol are preferred over NSAIDs due to set up side-effects peculiarly GI annoyance. If simple anodynes are non powerful plenty to alleviate the hurting, a low dose NSAIDs such as isobutylphenyl propionic acid or more selective Cyclooxygenase ( Cox-2 ) inhibitors such as etoricoxib can be prescribed for the shortest continuance possible. When NSAIDs or Cox-2 inhibitors have to be used, coincident usage of GI protective medicine such as proton-pump inhibitors should be considered for aged and patients with history of GI ulcerations. Both NICE and SIGN guidelines recommend that dosage of NSAIDs should be reviewed and reduced once patients show equal response to DMARDs. In drumhead, the patient should be continued with SLS, at the same clip, added with MTX as the combined DMARDs therapy. In add-on, intra-articular or short-course unwritten corticoid should be commenced as a â€Å" span therapy † before the oncoming of action of the new DMARDs therapy. For diagnostic control, if paracetamol is non equal to relief hurting, NSAIDs such as diclofenac together with a proton pump inhibitor such as Prilosec can be used unless it is contraindicated in the patient, so a Cox-2 inhibitor such as etoricoxib should be used. Besides that, patient would be put on a monthly monitoring to reexamine the effectivity of the new therapy.